The New Blackface: Neuland and Lithos as “Stereotypography”

“The ‘Neuland Question’ to which Jonathan Hoefler refers involves not just Neuland, a ‘display’ typeface hand-carved in 1923 by Rudolf Koch, but also Lithos, another ‘display’ typeface digitally created in 1989 by Carol Twombly. The Question can be put simply: How did these two typefaces come to signify Africans and African-Americans, regardless of how a designer uses them, and regardless of the purpose for which their creators originally intended them?”